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The river was known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros ( Ἴστρος) a borrowing from a Daco-Thracian name meaning 'strong, swift', from a root possibly also encountered in the ancient name of the Dniester ( Danaster in Latin, Tiras in Greek) and akin to Iranic turos 'swift' and Sanskrit iṣiras ( इषिरस्) 'swift', from the PIE * isro-, * sreu 'to flow'.

8.1 Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube.

A few species of euryhaline fish, such as European seabass, mullet, and eel, inhabit the Danube Delta and the lower portion of the river. It is also home to a large diversity of carp and sturgeon, as well as salmon and trout. The Danube river basin is home to fish species such as pike, zander, huchen, Wels catfish, burbot and tench. There are more of countries along its flow than on any other river (10 the Nile is second with 9). Many European borders, especially in the Balkans, are also drawn by the Danube's stream. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. Today, 2,415 km (1,501 mi) of its total length are navigable. Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe. Its longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen onwards. It flows through much of Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest into the Black Sea. The Danube is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

The fourth-largest city in its basin is Munich, the capital of Bavaria, standing on the Isar River. Five more capital cities lie in the Danube's basin: Bucharest, Sofia, Zagreb, Ljubljana and Sarajevo. The Danube passes through four capital cities, more than any other river in the world. The largest cities on the river are Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade and Bratislava, all of which are the capitals of their respective countries. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km (1,770 mi), passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine before draining into the Black Sea. j uː b/ DAN-yoob known by various names in other languages) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Waterway distances are shown, not towpath distances.

Distances are in kilometers, rounded to the nearest kilometer.